
有人可能会认为两篇文章中的 &
意思差不多,但实际上并不是。虽然 第一篇文章讨论了如何在命令末尾使用 & 来将命令转到后台运行[1],在之后剖析了流程管理,第二篇文章将 & 看作引用文件描述符的方法[2],这些文章让我们知道了,与 <
和 >
结合使用后,你可以将输入或输出引导到别的地方。
但我们还没接触过作为 AND 操作符使用的 &
。所以,让我们来看看。
& 是一个按位运算符
如果你十分熟悉二进制数操作,你肯定听说过 AND 和 OR 。这些是按位操作,对二进制数的各个位进行操作。在 Bash 中,使用 &
作为 AND 运算符,使用 |
作为 OR 运算符:
AND:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span></code></section></li> </ol>
OR:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">|</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">|</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">|</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">|</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span></code></section></li> </ol>
你可以通过对任何两个数字进行 AND 运算并使用 echo 输出结果:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">echo</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> $</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">((</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">2</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">3</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">))</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="com" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(174, 174, 174);font-style: italic;">#</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">00000010</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> AND </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">00000011</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">00000010</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">2</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">echo</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> $</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">((</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">120</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">97</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">))</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="com" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(174, 174, 174);font-style: italic;">#</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">01111000</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> AND </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">01100001</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">01100000</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">96</span></code></section></li> </ol>
OR(|
)也是如此:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">echo</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> $</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">((</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">2</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">|</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">3</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">))</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="com" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(174, 174, 174);font-style: italic;">#</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">00000010</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> OR </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">00000011</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">00000011</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">3</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">echo</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> $</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">((</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">120</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">|</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">97</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">))</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="com" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(174, 174, 174);font-style: italic;">#</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">01111000</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> OR </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">01100001</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">01111001</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">121</span></code></section></li> </ol>
说明:
(( ... ))
告诉 Bash 双括号之间的内容是某种算术或逻辑运算。(( 2 + 2 ))
、 (( 5 % 2 ))
(%
是求模[3]运算符)和 ((( 5 % 2 ) + 1))
(等于 3)都可以工作。$
提取值,以便你可以使用它。((2+3))
等价于 (( 2+3 ))
和 (( 2 + 3 ))
。(( 5 / 2 ))
,你会得到 2
;或者这样 (( 2.5 & 7 ))
,但会得到一个错误。然后,在按位操作中使用除了整数之外的任何东西(这就是我们现在所讨论的)通常是你不应该做的事情。提示: 如果你想看看十进制数字在二进制下会是什么样子,你可以使用 bc ,这是一个大多数 Linux 发行版都预装了的命令行计算器。比如:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"><li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">bc </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"><<<</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="str" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(101, 176, 66);">"obase=2; 97"</span></code></section></li></ol>
这个操作将会把 97
转换成十二进制(obase
中的 o
代表 “output” ,也即,“输出”)。
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"><li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">bc </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"><<<</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="str" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(101, 176, 66);">"ibase=2; 11001011"</span></code></section></li></ol>
这个操作将会把 11001011
转换成十进制(ibase
中的 i
代表 “input”,也即,“输入”)。
&& 是一个逻辑运算符
虽然它使用与其按位表达相同的逻辑原理,但 Bash 的 &&
运算符只能呈现两个结果:1
(“真值”)和0
(“假值”)。对于 Bash 来说,任何不是 0
的数字都是 “真值”,任何等于 0
的数字都是 “假值”。什么也是 “假值”同时也不是数字呢:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">echo</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> $</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">((</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">4</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">5</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">))</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="com" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(174, 174, 174);font-style: italic;">#</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">两个非零数字,两个为</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">true</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">true</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">1</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">echo</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> $</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">((</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">5</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">))</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="com" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(174, 174, 174);font-style: italic;">#</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">有一个为零,一个为</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">false</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">false</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">echo</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> $</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">((</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> b </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">5</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">))</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="com" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(174, 174, 174);font-style: italic;">#</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">其中一个不是数字,一个为</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">false</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">=</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">false</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">0</span></code></section></li> </ol>
与 &&
类似, OR 对应着 ||
,用法正如你想的那样。
以上这些都很简单……直到它用在命令的退出状态时。
&& 是命令退出状态的逻辑运算符
正如我们在之前的文章中看到的[2],当命令运行时,它会输出错误消息。更重要的是,对于今天的讨论,它在结束时也会输出一个数字。此数字称为“返回码”,如果为 0,则表示该命令在执行期间未遇到任何问题。如果是任何其他数字,即使命令完成,也意味着某些地方出错了。
所以 0 意味着是好的,任何其他数字都说明有问题发生,并且,在返回码的上下文中,0 意味着“真”,其他任何数字都意味着“假”。对!这 与你所熟知的逻辑操作完全相反 ,但是你能用这个做什么? 不同的背景,不同的规则。这种用处很快就会显现出来。
让我们继续!
返回码 临时 储存在 特殊变量[5] ?
中 —— 是的,我知道:这又是一个令人迷惑的选择。但不管怎样,别忘了我们在讨论变量的文章中说过[4],那时我们说你要用 $
符号来读取变量中的值,在这里也一样。所以,如果你想知道一个命令是否顺利运行,你需要在命令结束后,在运行别的命令之前马上用 $?
来读取 ?
变量的值。
试试下面的命令:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">find</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">etc </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">-</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">iname </span><span class="str" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(101, 176, 66);">"*.service"</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">find</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">:</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="str" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(101, 176, 66);">'/etc/audisp/plugins.d'</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">:</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="typ" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(137, 189, 255);">Permission</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> denied</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">etc</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">systemd</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">system</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">dbus</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">-</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">org</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">freedesktop</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">nm</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">-</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">dispatcher</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">service</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">etc</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">systemd</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">system</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">dbus</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">-</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">org</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">freedesktop</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span><span class="typ" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(137, 189, 255);">ModemManager1</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">service</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">[......]</span></code></section></li> </ol>
正如你在上一篇文章中看到的一样[2],普通用户权限在 /etc
下运行 find 通常将抛出错误,因为它试图读取你没有权限访问的子目录。
所以,如果你在执行 find 后立马执行……
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"><li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">echo</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> $</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">?</span></code></section></li></ol>
……,它将打印 1
,表明存在错误。
(注意:当你在一行中运行两遍 echo $?
,你将得到一个 0
。这是因为 $?
将包含第一个 echo $?
的返回码,而这条命令按理说一定会执行成功。所以学习如何使用 $?
的第一课就是: 单独执行 $?
或者将它保存在别的安全的地方 —— 比如保存在一个变量里,不然你会很快丢失它。)
一个直接使用 ?
变量的用法是将它并入一串链式命令列表,这样 Bash 运行这串命令时若有任何操作失败,后面命令将终止。例如,你可能熟悉构建和编译应用程序源代码的过程。你可以像这样手动一个接一个地运行它们:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ configure</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">make</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">make</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> install</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span></code></section></li> <li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span></code></section></li> </ol>
你也可以把这三行合并成一行……
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"><li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ configure</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">;</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">make</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">;</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">make</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> install</span></code></section></li></ol>
…… 但你要希望上天保佑。
为什么这样说呢?因为你这样做是有缺点的,比方说 configure
执行失败了, Bash 将仍会尝试执行 make 和 sudo make install
——就算没东西可 make ,实际上,是没东西会安装。
聪明一点的做法是:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"><li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">$ configure </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">make</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">make</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> install</span></code></section></li></ol>
这将从每个命令中获取退出码,并将其用作链式 &&
操作的操作数。
但是,没什么好抱怨的,Bash 知道如果 configure
返回非零结果,整个过程都会失败。如果发生这种情况,不必运行 make 来检查它的退出代码,因为无论如何都会失败的。因此,它放弃运行 make,只是将非零结果传递给下一步操作。并且,由于 configure && make
传递了错误,Bash 也不必运行make install
。这意味着,在一长串命令中,你可以使用 &&
连接它们,并且一旦失败,你可以节省时间,因为其他命令会立即被取消运行。
你可以类似地使用 ||
,OR 逻辑操作符,这样就算只有一部分命令成功执行,Bash 也能运行接下来链接在一起的命令。
鉴于所有这些(以及我们之前介绍过的内容),你现在应该更清楚地了解我们在 这篇文章开头[1]出现的命令行:
<ol class="linenums list-paddingleft-2" style="margin-left: 2em;margin-right: 2em;"><li><section style="overflow-wrap: break-word;width: 1200px;max-width: 1200px !important;"><code style="overflow-wrap: break-word;background: none;color: rgb(33, 150, 243);line-height: 1.2em;padding-left: 10px !important;border-radius: 0px !important;margin-top: 1em !important;margin-bottom: 1em !important;border-width: initial !important;border-style: none !important;border-color: initial !important;"><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">mkdir</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> test_dir </span><span class="lit" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(51, 135, 204);">2</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">></span><span class="str" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(101, 176, 66);">/dev/</span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">null</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">||</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">touch</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> backup</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">dir</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">images</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">txt </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&&</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">find</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">-</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">iname </span><span class="str" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(101, 176, 66);">"*jpg"</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">></span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);"> backup</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="kwd" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(226, 137, 100);">dir</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">/</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">images</span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">.</span><span class="pln" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">txt </span><span class="pun" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;color: rgb(184, 255, 184);">&</span></code></section></li></ol>
因此,假设你从具有读写权限的目录运行上述内容,它做了什么以及如何做到这一点?它如何避免不合时宜且可能导致执行中断的错误?下周,除了给你这些答案的结果,我们将讨论圆括号,不要错过了哟!
via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/2019/2/logical-ampersand-bash
作者:Paul Brown[7] 选题:lujun9972 译者:zero-MK 校对:wxy
本文由 LCTT 原创编译,Linux中国 荣誉推出